EVOLUTION OF THE DISCIPLINE
Public administration as a discipline emerged in U.S.A. though the administration is old as the civilization. Each and every society has a particular administrative system since the civilization. But a systematic development of the discipline started after the essay written by WOODROW WILSON title as STUDY OF ADMINISTRATION 1887
SPOIL SYSTEM IN U.S.A
Recruitment of the govt official was based on the spoil system, that is official were be recruited by the official. They were recruiting their own kith and kins and their political supporter. Thus no permanent bureaucracy as official were changed due to changing of the government.
RESULT:-
1). Lack of meritocracy.
2). In eligible and unskilled people were recruited.
3). In deficiency and lack of economy was wide spread.
4). Resulted in poor performance of administration.
5). Widespread corruption ultimately.
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1st STAGE ERA OF POLITICS- ADMINISTRATION DICHOTOMY (1887-1926).
In this era WILSON advocated the idea of politics administration dichotomy. He agrees for the separation of administration from politics in both the field study and practice.
As there was no discipline like administration. If anything was given regarding the administration then it was a part of political science.
In the field of practice spoil system was be practised in the U.S.A, under which politician were directly involved in the recruitment of public official. It resulted in wide spread in efficiency, lack of economy and corruption.
Therefore WILSON had given very futuristic idea separate polity and administration.
WILSON makes it clear that administration can also become a scientific discipline. That is why he made a call for scientific study of discipline further he said administration is same as the other business activity/professor. That is why it has to be made more professional. In other words Wilson suggested establish a merit based permanent bureaucratic system. It will maximise the efficiency and economy and ultimately maximization of the performance of administration.
In modern democracies it is almost impossible to separate administration from politics separately as administration work in political environment and it is the politics that decide that what administration should do and what should not.
WILSON was aware about the problem that may emerge due to the complete separation. According to him bureaucracy if left alone/free then it may create bureaucratic elite that is why he himself suggested POLITICAL CONTROL OVER BUREAUCRACY (IN 1891).
WILSON why advocating politics administration dichotomy argued that “politics make law while administration implements the law”. Therefore he said that both have separate function that is why both should be separated.
FRANK.J.GOODNOW:- In 1900 wrote a book title “politics and administration”. He followed the idea of politics administration dichotomy of WILSON and explained and elaborates. GOODNOW said “politics has to do with policies while administration has to do with execution”. It is clear that with this statement that he widen and elaborated functions of the administration by relating it with the policy execution. Though he also supported the separation because of separate function of politics and administration.
Further GOODNOW said that “policies are expression of state will” therefore the administration execute the will of the state. In a democratic state it is clear that the administration is responsible for the execution of will of the people it also show the relationship. GOODNOW was also in favour of political administration.
TYPE OF SCIENCE
3 TYPES:-
1) PURE
2) NATURAL
3) SOCIAL SCIENCE
BASIC CRITERIA OF SCIENCE
1) HYPOTHESIS
2) VALUE NETURALITY
3) UNIVERSALIAM
All the three important for social science +laboratory exp. ----natural science
+mathematics-----pure science (astro physics).
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In 1926 L.D WHITE wrote a book title an introduction study of public administration in this book he also followed the wilsonian idea of dichotomy. White had also given some idea about the financial & personnel administration.
ERA OF PRINCIPLES ( MANAGERIAL ERA)(1927-1937).
In this era several principles of administration were given by the scholars. They all have advocated that their principle are scientific can be applied universally whether it is public or private administration.
This era start with the scientific theory given by FREDRICK WINSLOW TAYLOR. He has given scientific principles to be applied at the workshop level of organisation universally in 1910
Later on classical scholar like HENRY FAYOL, LUTHER GULICK and LYNDELL URWICK have given universal principles of management. HENRY FAYOL in his book – GENERAL INDUSTRIAL MANAGEMENT given 14 principles of management and advocated their universal application. Similarly LUTHER GULICK & LYNDALL URWICK co-credited “the paper on the science of administration in 1937”. With the publication of this paper the principle era or managerialism reach its draingth all the classical scholar were having the same view regarding the organisation, man and production they advocated that organisation is formal and should be run on the basis of following principles.They consider that human being is an economic man can only be motivated by economic incentives they consider that human being is nothing but instrument of production .they have credited “carrot and stick theory of motivation”.
ERA OF CHALLENGES (1938-1947).
In this all classical scholar were challenged. They are challenged 1st of all by the human relation theorist under the guidance of ELTON MAYO. Scholar conduct a series of experiment in western electric company “hawthrone U.S.A”. After rigorous experimentation in several year they concluded that human being is a social man, not the economic man.
He has social and psychological aspects that has to be satisfied. In other word it cannot be motivated by the economic incentives. He is not a machine or instrument of production but the human being.
Human relationist advocate the idea of informal organisation.
BEHAVIOURAL SCHOLAR especially HERBERT SIMON criticized the classical scholars and their advocacy of scientific principles. And synthesized the idea of classical and human relationist. He said classical study meteorology was not scientific as it was normative study i.e. value loaded not the value neutral. So to develop scientific knowledge increase the empirical study(based on factual analysis) is needed.
Further he argued that human being is neither rational nor irrational but bounded rational similarly all the organisation are both formal and informal. Infect informal organisation exist within the formal organisation.
CRISIS OF IDENTITY (1948-1970).
In this era some scholar move toward the political science some toward the management. Therefore public administration lost its identity. During the phase several cynics started criticized by saying there is no any discipline like public administration. Public administration is dead. But it is fortunate that in this period two major developments are witnessed emergence of ADMINISTRATIVE DEVELOPMENT AND COMPARITIVE PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION.
PUBLIC POLICY PROSPECTIVE (1970 ONWARS).
In this era scholar like DWIGHT WALDO argued that knowledge of public administration should held in the field of formulation of public policies and should implement them effectively. These scholar advocated that the need is relevant knowledge whether science are not doesn’t matter. In other word they have advocated that public administration should work for the welfare of society
1). PUBLIC CHOICE THEORY 1980
2). IN 1990 NEW BLIC MANAGEMENT
3). GOOD GOVERNANCE
4). COMPREHENSIVE DEVELOPMENT FRAMEWORK (CDF)
